日志：
[ 3.489826] usbcore: registered new interface driver snd-usb-audio
[ 3.496930] ipip: IPv4 and MPLS over IPv4 tunneling driver
[ 3.502870] Initializing XFRM netlink socket
[ 3.507397] NET: Registered PF_INET6 protocol family
[ 3.513078] Segment Routing with IPv6
[ 3.516763] In-situ OAM (IOAM) with IPv6
[ 3.520742] sit: IPv6, IPv4 and MPLS over IPv4 tunneling driver
[ 3.526985] NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family
[ 3.532159] 8021q: 802.1Q VLAN Support v1.8
[ 3.536386] Key type dns_resolver registered
[ 3.540665] Found lo, alias (efault) on irq 0
[ 3.545046] MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00
[ 3.545051] Tx queue length: 1000
[ 3.551791] Invalid capabilities for NIC (lo), dropping from TSN list
[ 3.558240] Found eth0, alias (efault) on irq 38
[ 3.562880] MAC: ae:a6:53:43:50:08
[ 3.562884] Tx queue length: 1000
[ 3.569610] Invalid capabilities for NIC (eth0), dropping from TSN list
[ 3.576244] Found tunl0, alias (efault) on irq 0
[ 3.580878] MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00
[ 3.580883] Tx queue length: 1000
[ 3.587609] Invalid capabilities for NIC (tunl0), dropping from TSN list
[ 3.594329] Found sit0, alias (efault) on irq 0
[ 3.598869] MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00
[ 3.598872] Tx queue length: 1000
[ 3.605610] Invalid capabilities for NIC (sit0), dropping from TSN list
[ 3.612242] tsn_init_module: No capable NIC found. Perhaps load with in_debug=1 ?
[ 3.620021] registered taskstats version 1
[ 3.624158] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates
[ 3.629363] zswap: loaded using pool lzo/zbud
[ 3.633897] Key type .fscrypt registered
[ 3.637830] Key type fscrypt-provisioning registered
[ 3.642889] mmc1: error -110 whilst initialising SD card
[ 3.643738] pstore: Using crash dump compression: deflate
[ 3.660425]
[ 3.661967] ********************************************************************
[ 3.669371] ** NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE **
[ 3.676790] ** **
[ 3.684203] ** WRITEABLE clk DebugFS SUPPORT HAS BEEN ENABLED IN THIS KERNEL **
[ 3.691618] ** **
[ 3.699021] ** This means that this kernel is built to expose clk operations **
[ 3.706454] ** such as parent or rate setting, enabling, disabling, etc. **
[ 3.713876] ** to userspace, which may compromise security on your system. **
[ 3.721296] ** **
[ 3.728706] ** If you see this message and you are not debugging the **
[ 3.736123] ** kernel, report this immediately to your vendor! **
[ 3.743540] ** **
[ 3.750960] ** NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE NOTICE **
[ 3.758369] ********************************************************************
[ 3.777082] dr-power-domain 31030000.power-controller: Looking up bpu-supply from device tree
[ 3.785921] dr-power-domain 31030000.power-controller: Looking up gpu-supply from device tree
[ 3.795338] VCC_GPU: 800 mV, disabled
[ 3.796355] mmc1: new high speed SDHC card at address b36b
[ 3.799731] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: xHCI Host Controller
[ 3.802742] x5-ddrc-devfreq soc:ddrc-freq: userspace_gov: 1
[ 3.803306] guc 34190000.adc: Looking up vref-supply from device tree
[ 3.803474] guc 34190000.adc: ADC calibration: -3
[ 3.803488] guc 34190000.adc: ADC trimming: 9
[ 3.804264] guc 34190000.adc: GUC Initialize Finish
[ 3.804451] dr-power-domain 31030000.power-controller: Looking up bpu-supply from device tree
[ 3.804645] dr-power-domain 31030000.power-controller: Looking up gpu-supply from device tree
[ 3.805029] mmcblk1: mmc1:b36b SDABC 14.6 GiB
[ 3.810003] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
[ 3.817455] noc_qos 20530000.video_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.822381] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: hcc params 0x0220fe6d hci version 0x110 quirks 0x0000008000010090
[ 3.827963] noc_qos 20530080.jpeg_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.831138] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: irq 47, io mem 0x35100000
[ 3.837186] noc_qos 20510280.isp_axi5_hdr_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.844631] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: xHCI Host Controller
[ 3.854235] noc_qos 20510300.isp_axi4_mcm_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.857501] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
[ 3.866336] noc_qos 20510380.isp_axi3_sp2_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.871001] xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.2.auto: Host supports USB 3.0 SuperSpeed
[ 3.881561] noc_qos 20510480.isp_axi1_mp_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.886239] usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002, bcdDevice= 6.01
[ 3.896404] noc_qos 20540080.gpu3d_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.898497] usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 3.908345] noc_qos 20540000.gpu2d_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.910440] usb usb1: Product: xHCI Host Controller
[ 3.924180] noc_qos 20520000.bpu_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.924544] usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 6.1.83 xhci-hcd
[ 3.932350] noc_qos 20560000.hifi5_qos: noc qos init finished.
[ 3.937420] usb usb1: SerialNumber: xhci-hcd.2.auto
[ 3.991579] printk: console [netcon0] enabled
[ 3.991893] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 3.995939] netconsole: network logging started
[ 3.999709] hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
[ 4.004839] input: gpio-keys as /devices/platform/gpio-keys/input/input0
[ 4.008428] usb usb2: We don’t know the algorithms for LPM for this host, disabling LPM.
[ 4.015396] ALSA device list:
[ 4.023045] usb usb2: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0003, bcdDevice= 6.01
[ 4.025960] No soundcards found.
[ 4.034219] usb usb2: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 4.044952] usb usb2: Product: xHCI Host Controller
[ 4.044956] usb usb2: Manufacturer: Linux 6.1.83 xhci-hcd
[ 4.044961] usb usb2: SerialNumber: xhci-hcd.2.auto
[ 4.060138] dw-apb-uart 32120000.serial: forbid DMA for kernel console
[ 4.067015] hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 4.070806] hub 2-0:1.0: 1 port detected
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 4.320780] usb 1-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using xhci-hcd
^[OS[ 4.402460] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 0 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS[ 4.503979] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=05e3, idProduct=0610, bcdDevice= 6.56
[ 4.512317] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[ 4.519539] usb 1-1: Product: USB2.1 Hub
[ 4.523592] usb 1-1: Manufacturer: GenesysLogic
^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 4.585854] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 1 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
[ 4.595012] hub 1-1:1.0: USB hub found
[ 4.599187] hub 1-1:1.0: 4 ports detected
^[OS^[OS[ 4.650950] usb 2-1: new SuperSpeed USB device number 2 using xhci-hcd
[ 4.684219] usb 2-1: New USB device found, idVendor=05e3, idProduct=0626, bcdDevice= 6.56
[ 4.692551] usb 2-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[ 4.699771] usb 2-1: Product: USB3.1 Hub
[ 4.703822] usb 2-1: Manufacturer: GenesysLogic
^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 4.735106] hub 2-1:1.0: USB hub found
[ 4.739300] hub 2-1:1.0: 4 ports detected
[ 4.769250] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 2 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 4.952623] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 3 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 5.135990] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 4 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 5.319369] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 5 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 5.502740] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 6 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 5.686126] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 7 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
[ 5.694598] Buffer I/O error on dev mmcblk1, logical block 0, async page read
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 6.401600] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 0 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 6.584960] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 1 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 7.642835] Buffer I/O error on dev mmcblk1, logical block 0, async page read
^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS^[OS[ 9.574046] blk_print_req_error: 13 callbacks suppressed
[ 9.574051] I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 7 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 2
[ 9.587862] Buffer I/O error on dev mmcblk1, logical block 0, async page read
[ 9.595080] mmcblk1: unable to read partition table
[ 9.600339] md: Waiting for all devices to be available before autodetect
[ 9.607200] md: If you don’t use raid, use raid=noautodetect
[ 9.612915] md: Autodetecting RAID arrays.
[ 9.617040] md: autorun …
[ 9.619859] md: … autorun DONE.
^[OS[ 9.623778] /dev/root: Can’t open blockdev
[ 9.627896] VFS: Cannot open root device “mmcblk1p2” or unknown-block(179,2): error -6
^[OS[ 9.635860] Please append a correct “root=” boot option; here are the available partitions:
[ 9.644579] 0100 409600 ram0
[ 9.644585] (driver?)
[ 9.650768] 0101 409600 ram1
[ 9.650774] (driver?)
[ 9.656899] 0102 409600 ram2
[ 9.656904] (driver?)
[ 9.663050] 0103 409600 ram3
[ 9.663055] (driver?)
[ 9.669184] 0104 409600 ram4
[ 9.669190] (driver?)
[ 9.675331] 0105 409600 ram5
[ 9.675336] (driver?)
[ 9.681470] 0106 409600 ram6
[ 9.681474] (driver?)
[ 9.687598] 0107 409600 ram7
[ 9.687602] (driver?)
[ 9.693736] 0108 409600 ram8
[ 9.693741] (driver?)
[ 9.699863] 0109 409600 ram9
[ 9.699867] (driver?)
[ 9.705999] 010a 409600 ram10
[ 9.706004] (driver?)
^[OS[ 9.712239] 010b 409600 ram11
^[OS[ 9.712244] (driver?)
[ 9.719113] 010c 409600 ram12
[ 9.719117] (driver?)
[ 9.725337] 010d 409600 ram13
[ 9.725341] (driver?)
[ 9.731561] 010e 409600 ram14
[ 9.731566] (driver?)
[ 9.737773] 010f 409600 ram15
[ 9.737778] (driver?)
[ 9.744004] 1f00 7168 mtdblock0
[ 9.744010] (driver?)
[ 9.750567] 1f01 1536 mtdblock1
[ 9.750572] (driver?)
[ 9.757140] b300 15267840 mmcblk1
[ 9.757144] driver: mmcblk
[ 9.763974] Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(179,2)
[ 9.772422] SMP: stopping secondary CPUs
[ 9.776355] Kernel Offset: disabled
[ 9.779850] CPU features: 0x60000,000400a4,6600720b
[ 9.784737] Memory Limit: none
[ 9.795281] Rebooting in 5 seconds..
日志里的关键点不是"识别不到卡"：mmc1: new high speed SDHC card at address b36b / mmcblk1: mmc1:b36b SDABC 14.6 GiB 说明卡已被枚举，随后 I/O error, dev mmcblk1, sector 0~7、unable to read partition table，才导致 VFS: Cannot open root device "mmcblk1p2" panic。也就是内核能读卡的 CID/CSD，但读不了扇区数据，问题在 SD 数据的读取稳定性（卡本身、接触、供电），不在 rootfs 配置；XBurn 那次 miniboot 烧录 exit code 0，miniboot 侧已完成。
- 换卡与接触：取卡用橡皮擦清洁金手指、插到底；优先换一张 ≥16GB 正规品牌 C10/U1 及以上的卡。官方对
mmc1: error -110 whilst initialising SD card这类现象给出的排查方向正是卡质量/接触/兼容性、重下镜像用 Rufus 或 balenaEtcher 重烧、供电，见 FQA 硬件、系统与环境配置 Q26。 - 重新烧录：用解压出来的
.img全镜像写卡（不是格式化或把文件拷进卡），Rufus 里设备选中 Micro SD 卡、其余默认，参见 RDK X5 烧录系统镜像。
- 供电：X5 需用支持 5V/5A 的适配器给 Type-C 供电，不要用电脑 USB 口，供电不足会造成启动异常。
另外核对版本：官方发布记录中 X5 是 V3.4.1（2025-12）和 V3.5.0（2026-04），未见 3.4.0；且 V3.4.1 起有"EMMC/SD 启动可靠性增强：适配多品牌 SD/TF 卡"。建议从 RDK X5 镜像下载目录 取当前版本，版本说明见 RDK X 系列历史发布。
还需要你确认两点：你用的卡品牌/容量是多少，手上有没有第二张卡可以试？以及 3.4.0 那个镜像的完整文件名是什么？这两项能区分是卡/写入问题还是板端卡槽供电问题。
已经换了两张卡了，一张是sandisk 32G 一个是 thinkplus.刚才测了下，可以了，应该是卡没插紧的原因
结论能对上日志：卡已被枚举（mmcblk1: mmc1:b36b SDABC 14.6 GiB），但紧接着 sector 0~7 全部 I/O error，属于读扇区通路不稳，与卡没插到底的表现一致，不是内核缺 SD 驱动或 rootfs 配置问题。官方 FAQ 里 SD 卡识别/不稳定也把"卡与卡槽接触"列为主要排查项，见 硬件、系统与环境配置 Q26。
提醒一点：X5 的 Micro SD 槽需要压到有轻微"咔"的到位感，插一半时经常就是这种"能识别卡型号、读不了数据"的表现。若以后又出现只亮绿灯、串口停在 unable to read partition table，先原样重插一次卡再看日志，能快速区分是接触问题还是卡/镜像问题。系统跑起来后可以 cat /etc/version 核对实际版本号，确认与下载的镜像一致。